This can be seen in a growing amount of research on music-related body movement, both in performance and perception ( Gritten and King, 2006, 2011). Thinking about music cognition as a process that happens not only in the mind, but also in the body, is becoming increasingly popular in empirical music research ( Leman, 2007). This should be taken into account when designing embodied music cognition studies.
We conclude that the playback method impacts the level of body motion observed when people are listening to music. Correlations between participants' demographics, listening habits, and self-reported body motion were observed in both listening conditions. The headphones condition was also reported as being more tiresome by the participants. The results show that the participants on average moved more when listening through headphones. An optical motion capture system was used to calculate their quantity of motion, and a set of questionnaires collected data about music preferences, listening habits, and the experimental sessions. Each participant listened to all the stimuli using both headphones and speakers. The six different stimuli were 45 s each and ranged from a simple pulse to excerpts from electronic dance music (EDM). But are spontaneous movement responses to music similar if the stimuli are presented using headphones or speakers? This article presents results from an exploratory study in which 35 participants listened to rhythmic stimuli while standing in a neutral position. Previous studies have shown that music may lead to spontaneous body movement, even when people try to stand still.
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